Table 2 Summary of methodologies of included systematic reviews and systematic reviews with meta-analysis (n = 17)

[10]

Lucknow, India

Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar

Search term: ChatGPT

Data till 24th

May 2023

No

118 articles

(original articles,

reviews, editorial/ commentaries, and letter to the editor)

No

Not mentioned

ChatGPT was used for analysis of records and manuscript writing

ChatPDF was used to generate

Yes

Authors declare no financial support

[27]

Leipzing, Germany

PubMed search

MESH terms were developed by ChatGPT and refined by human authors

January, 2020 onwards (NLP instead of ChatGPT only)

No

5 (main concern was to evaluate the effectiveness and reliability of ChatGPT in conducting review compared with human authors)

No

3.5 (Legacy) and 4.0

All tasks of systematic review augmented by ChatGPT

Yes

No information in the article

[25]

Amman, Jordan

PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar Search term: ChatGPT

Year: 2022–2023

No

60 (article, review, communication, editorial, opinion)

No

Not mentioned

No

No

Authors declare no financial support

[18]

Essen, Germany

Pubmed

Search term: ChatGPT

Till March, 2023

No

58 (all types but the writeup done for original articles and opinion/editorial pieces separately)

No

Version released in Nov., 2022

No

No

Medical Faculty of German Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University as part of the Clinician Scientist

Program

[36]

Basra, Iraq

Taylor

and Francis, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, Elsevier, Springer, MDPI, IEEE Xplore digital and Wiley

Keywords:

ChatGPT with various keywords for healthcare and medicine between November 2022 and August 2023

No

82 (All types)

No (although the title suggests so)

Not mentioned

No

No

Funding by The Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, KSA

[31]

Dublin, Ireland

PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science

Keyword not described

Search till 18 June 2023

No

6 (prospective)

No

version 3.0 to 4.0

No

No

Authors declare that open access funding provided by IReL

[2]

Rajnandgaon, India

PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane

Library, and UpToDate

Key terms:

ChatGPT and Medical Informatics which were combined using Boolean operators “AND” and “OR” with “dental”, “specialty”, “accuracy”, “query”, “response” and “meta-

analysis”. Articles published in 2023 only

Yes

11 descriptive studies

Yes

3.5

No

No

No information in the article

[3]

Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Pubmed, Embase, Scopus

Keywords:(ChatGPT OR OpenAI) AND (neurosurgery OR

spinal surgery) till

12th of August, 2023

No

13 (all types)

No

Not mentioned

No

No

Authors declare no financial support

[17]

Quebec, Canada

PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science

Keyterm: ChatGPT till

2nd June 2023

No

19 peer-reviewed articles

yes

3.5

No

No

Authors declare no financial support

[20]

Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Google Scholar and PubMed

Keyword: “ChatGPT applications in medicine”

Till April 15, 2023

No

31- any type of published

scientific research or preprints

No

Not mentioned

Yes (Paraphrasing and writeup)

Yes

No information in the article

[15]

Tel Aviv,

Israel

Pubmed

Key words: MESH terms related to ‘ChatGPT’, and ‘Gastroenterology’

Yes

6

No

Heterogenous

No

No

Authors declare no financial support

[32]

Rosemont, USA

Pubmed, Embase, Ovid, Global Health, PsycINFO, Web of Science

Using search phrases related to chatGPT and public health dentistry Between: March 31, 2018, and March 31, 2023

No

39

No

Not mentioned

No

No

Authors declare no financial support

[22]

Abu Dhabi, UAE

PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase

MESH terms for "neurosurgery" AND "ChatGPT"

Till June 30, 2023

No

22 -All types (peer reviewed and gray literature search)

No

Not specified

No

No

Authors declare no financial support

[4]

Cleveland, Ohio, USA

MEDLINE, EMBASE

using the search terms: ChatGPT, imaging, radiology, LLM, large language models, BARD from November 2022 to August 15, 2023,

Yes

51 (23 original research articles and 28 non-original research articles)

No

ChatGPT version 3, 3.5 and 4

No

No

Authors declare no financial support

[5]

Bucharest, Romania

ProQuest, Scopus, and the Web of Science with search terms including "generative artificial intelligence-based diagnostic algorithms," "disease risk detection," "personalized and targeted healthcare procedures," and "patient care safety and quality." throughout April 2023

Yes

32 (28 original research articles and 4 review articles)

No

Not specified

No

No

The paper is an output of the project NFP313010BWN6 “The implementation

framework and business model of the Internet of Things, Industry 4.0 and smart transport.” The funder had no role in study design, data collection analysis, and

interpretation, decision to submit the manuscript for publication, or the preparation and writing of this paper

[35]

Singapore

PubMed, Europe PMC, Scopus, and Web of Science

keywords related to ChatGPT and LLMs (“large language model”, “natural language processing”, “generative artificial intelligence”, “ChatGPT”, “chatbot”, “GPT-3.5”, “GPT-4.0”) with those specific to the field of ophthalmology (“ophthalmology”, “ophthalmic”, “ophthalmologist”, “ophthalmological”, “ocular”, “optical”, “eye”, “retina”, “vision science”, “vision research”). published between 1 January 2022 and 31 July 2023

No

32 (24 original research articles and 8 commentaries)

No

ChatGPT 3.5 & 4.0

No

No

National Medical Research Council of

Singapore

[24]

Cleveland, USA

Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and Medline

using search terms “ChatGPT” AND “Chatbot” AND “Medical Research”

searched on January 21, 2023, at 9:26 PM EST to identify

articles published between 2022 and 2023

No

6 (2 literature review articles, 1 case study, 1 editorial, 1 perspective, 1 not specific)

No

Not specified

No

No

No information in the article